You will guard them and be feared for it, but yours will be the greatest duty. Join the Guardians at http://www.runemals.com.
BCE. (see). E.g.
CE. 1840. 3 c. CE. 1949 CE. 2 c.
BCE. (old Turkic) 6 c. 650 CE. 1204 CE. 2 c.
BCE. (syllabary; letter forms only) c. 1820 CE. 2 c. CE. (origin uncertain) 4 c. CE.
405 CE. (origin uncertain) c. 420 CE.
(origin uncertain) c. 430 CE.
862 CE. c. 940 CE.
1372 CE144318 c. CE (derived from ). Main article:The runes developed centuries after the from which they are probably historically derived.The debate on the development of the runic script concerns the question regarding which of the Italic alphabets should be taken as their point of origin and which, if any, signs should be considered original innovations added to the letters found in the Italic scripts. The historical context of the script's origin is the cultural contact between Germanic people, who often served as in the, and the Italian peninsula during the (1st century BC to 5th century AD). The formation of the Elder Futhark was complete by the early 5th century, with the being the first evidence of the futhark ordering as well as of the p rune. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and.Find sources: – ( March 2017) As evolved into its later language groups, the words assigned to the runes and the sounds represented by the runes themselves began to diverge somewhat and each culture would create new runes, rename or rearrange its rune names slightly, or stop using obsolete runes completely, to accommodate these changes.
Thus, the Anglo-Saxon futhorc has several runes peculiar to itself to represent unique to (or at least prevalent in) the Anglo-Saxon dialect.Nevertheless, that the Younger Futhark has 16 runes, while the Elder Futhark has 24, is not fully explained by the 600-some years of sound changes that had occurred in the North Germanic language group. The development here might seem rather astonishing, since the younger form of the alphabet came to use fewer different rune signs at the same time as the development of the language led to a greater number of different phonemes than had been present at the time of the older futhark. For example, voiced and unvoiced consonants merged in script, and so did many vowels, while the number of vowels in the spoken language increased. 1100 AD, this disadvantage was eliminated in the medieval runes, which again increased the number of different signs to correspond with the number of phonemes in the language.Some later runic finds are on monuments , which often contain solemn inscriptions about people who died or performed great deeds. For a long time it was presumed that this kind of grand inscription was the primary use of runes, and that their use was associated with a certain societal class of rune carvers.In the mid-1950s, however, approximately 670 inscriptions, known as the, were found in.
These inscriptions were made on wood and bone, often in the shape of sticks of various sizes, and contained inscriptions of an everyday nature—ranging from name tags, prayers (often in ), personal messages, business letters, and expressions of affection, to bawdy phrases of a profane and sometimes even of a vulgar nature. Following this find, it is nowadays commonly presumed that, at least in late use, Runic was a widespread and common writing system. RunesA runic alphabet consisting of a mixture of Elder Futhark with Anglo-Saxon futhorc is recorded in a treatise called De Inventione Litterarum, ascribed to and preserved in 8th- and 9th-century manuscripts mainly from the southern part of the (, ). The manuscript text attributes the runes to the Marcomanni, quos nos Nordmannos vocamus, and hence traditionally, the alphabet is called 'Marcomannic runes', but it has no connection with the, and rather is an attempt of Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabets with runic equivalents.discussed these runes in 1821. Younger Futhark (9th to 11th centuries). While also featuring a runic inscription detailing the erection of a bridge for a loved one, the 11th-century is a that depicts the legend of.The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian Futhark, is a reduced form of the, consisting of only 16 characters. The reduction correlates with phonetic changes when evolved into.
They are found in Scandinavia and settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. They are divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions is a matter of controversy.
A general opinion is that the difference between them was functional (viz., the long-branch runes were used for documentation on stone, whereas the short-twig runes were in everyday use for private or official messages on wood).Medieval runes (12th to 15th centuries). A church bell from Saleby, Sweden, containing a runic inscription from 1228 ADIn the Middle Ages, the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia was expanded, so that it once more contained one sign for each phoneme of the. Dotted variants of signs were introduced to denote the corresponding consonants, or vice versa, voiceless variants of voiced consonants, and several new runes also appeared for vowel sounds.
Inscriptions in medieval Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune forms, and some letters, such as s, c, and z often were used interchangeably.Medieval runes were in use until the 15th century. Of the total number of Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes. Notably, more than 600 inscriptions using these runes have been discovered in since the 1950s, mostly on wooden sticks (the so-called ). This indicates that runes were in common use side by side with the Latin alphabet for several centuries.
Indeed, some of the medieval runic inscriptions are written in Latin.Dalecarlian runes (16th to 19th centuries). The from the island of, Denmark, features the earliest known runic inscription (AD 150 to 200) and simply reads, ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ 'Harja', a male name.The largest group of surviving Runic inscription are runestones, commonly found in Denmark and Sweden. Another large group are medieval runes, most commonly found on small objects, often wooden sticks. The largest concentration of runic inscriptions are the found in, more than 650 in total. Inscriptions number around 350, about 260 of which are from Scandinavia, of which about half are on.
Inscriptions number around 100 items.Modern use. From 1933, displayed twoThe pioneer of the branch of and one of the more important figures in in the late 19th and early 20th century was the occultist, mysticist, and author,. In 1908, he published in ('The Secret of the Runes') a set of eighteen so-called, ', based on the Younger Futhark and runes of List's own introduction, which allegedly were revealed to him in a state of temporary blindness after cataract operations on both eyes in 1902.The use of runes in, notably List's 'Armanen runes' and the derived ' by, played a certain role in.
The fascination with runic symbolism was mostly limited to, and not shared by the other members of the Nazi top echelon. Consequently, runes appear mostly in insignia associated with the, the paramilitary organization led by Himmler. Wiligut is credited with designing the, which displays a number of 'Wiligut runes'.Modern neopaganism and esotericism Runes are popular in, and to a lesser extent in other forms of and esotericism.
Various systems of have been published since the 1980s, notably by (1982), (1984, onward), (1990), and (1995).The originally was proposed as a scholarly hypothesis by in 1932.In 2002, Swedish esotericist popularized this 'Uthark' runic row, which he refers to as, the 'night side of the runes', in the context of modern occultism.Bluetooth The logo is the combination of two runes of the, and, equivalent to the letters «H» and «B», that are the initials of name ( bluetooth in English), who was a king of Denmark from the. Logo with the initials of. Tolkien and contemporary fiction In 's novel (1937), the Anglo-Saxon runes are used on a map to emphasize its connection to the. They also were used in the initial drafts of, but later were replaced by the rune-like alphabet invented by Tolkien, used to write the language of the Dwarves,. Following Tolkien, historical and fictional runes appear commonly in modern popular culture, particularly in, but also in other forms of media such as (for example the 1992 video game used it as 'magical symbols' associated with unnatural forces).Unicode. Runic Steel Stamps, Elder FutharkRunic alphabets were added to the Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.The for Runic alphabets is U+16A0–U+16FF. It is intended to encode the letters of the, the, and the long-branch and short-twig (but not the staveless) variants, in cases where cognate letters have the same shape resorting to '.The block as of Unicode 3.0 contained 81 symbols: 75 runic letters (U+16A0–U+16EA), 3 punctuation marks (Runic Single Punctuation U+16EB ᛫, Runic Multiple Punctuation U+16EC ᛬ and Runic Cross Punctuation U+16ED ᛭), and three runic symbols that are used in early modern staves ('Golden number Runes', Runic Symbol U+16EE ᛮ, Runic Symbol U+16EF ᛯ, Runic Symbol U+16F0 ᛰ).
As of Unicode 7.0 (2014), eight characters were added, three attributed to 's mode of writing Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes, and five for the 'cryptogrammic' vowel symbols used in an inscription on the.(PDF)ABCDEFU+16AxᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯU+16BxᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿU+16CxᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏU+16DxᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟU+16Exᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯU+16FxᛰᛱᛲᛳᛴᛵᛶᛷᛸNotes 1. As of Unicode version 13.0 2.
Grey areas indicate non-assigned code pointsSee also. of numerals.
for unrelated scripts sometimes described as 'runes' or 'rune-like'Notes.